National Aeronautics and Space Administration

GISS Surface Temperature Analysis

References

When referencing the GISTEMP data, please cite both this website and also our most recent scholarly publication about the data. In citing the webcite, be sure to include the date of access.

• GISTEMP Team, 2016: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP). NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 20YY-MM-DD at https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.
• Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, M. Sato, and K. Lo, 2010: Global surface temperature change, Rev. Geophys., 48, RG4004, doi:10.1029/2010RG000345.

GISS Analysis

The most recent journal paper describing the GISS surface temperature analysis is:

• Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, M. Sato, and K. Lo, 2010: Global surface temperature change, Rev. Geophys., 48, RG4004, doi:10.1029/2010RG000345

Past articles include:

• Hansen, J., D. Johnson, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, P. Lee, D. Rind, and G. Russell, 1981: Climate impact of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Science, 213, 957-966, doi:10.1126/science.213.4511.957.
• Hansen, J.E., and S. Lebedeff, 1987: Global trends of measured surface air temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 13345-13372.
• Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, M. Sato and R. Reynolds, 1996: Global surface air temperature in 1995: Return to pre-Pinatubo level. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 1665-1668.
• Hansen, J., M. Sato, J. Glascoe and R. Ruedy, 1998: A common-sense climate index: Is climate changing noticeably? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95, 4113-4120.
• Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, J. Glascoe, and M. Sato, 1999: GISS analysis of surface temperature change. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 30997-31022.
• Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, M. Sato, M. Imhoff, W. Lawrence, D. Easterling, T. Peterson, and T. Karl, 2001: A closer look at United States and global surface temperature change. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 23947-23963.
• Hansen, J., M. Sato, R. Ruedy, K. Lo, D.W. Lea, and M. Medina-Elizade, 2006: Global temperature change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 103, 14288-14293, doi:10.1073/pnas.0606291103.

Copies of papers by Hansen et al. are available in the GISS publications database.

Sources for Station Data: GHCN, USHCN, SCAR

• Peterson, T.C., and R.S. Vose 1997. An overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network temperature database. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 78, 2837-2849, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2837:AOOTGH>2.0.CO;2.
• Peterson, T.C., R.S. Vose, R. Schmoyer, and V. Razuvaev, 1998: Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) quality control of monthly temperature data. Int. J. Climatol. 18, 1169-1179, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199809)18:11<1169::AID-JOC309>3.0.CO;2-U.
• Karl, T. R., C. N. Williams, Jr., and F. T. Quinlan. 1990. United States Historical Climatology Network (HCN) Serial Temperature and Precipitation Data. ORNL/CDIAC-30, NDP-019/R1. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
• Menne, M.J., Williams Jr, C.N., and R.S. Vose 2009. The U.S. Historical Climatology Network Monthly Temperature Data, Version 2. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 90, 993-1007, doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2613.1.
• Turner, J., S. R. Colwell,G. J. Marshall, T. A. Lachlan-Cope, A. M. Carleton, Phil D. Jones, V. Lagun, P. A. Reid, S. Iagovkina, 2004: The SCAR READER project: Toward a high-quality database of mean Antarctic meteorological observations. J. Climate, 17, 2890-2898, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2890:TSRPTA>2.0.CO;2.

Sources for Ocean Data

• Rayner, N. 2000. HadISST1 Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature Files. Hadley Center, Bracknell, U.K.
• Reynolds, R.W., and T.M. Smith 1994. Improved global sea surface temperature analyses. J. Climate 7, 929-948, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<0929:IGSSTA>2.0.CO;2.
• Smith, T.M., R.W. Reynolds, R.E. Livesay, and D.C. Stokes 1996. Reconstruction of historical sea surface temperature using empirical orthogonal functions. J. Climate 9, 1403-1420, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<1403:ROHSST>2.0.CO;2.
• Reynolds, R.W., N.A. Rayner, T.M. Smith, D.C. Stokes, and W. Wang 2002. An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. J. Climate 15, 1609-1625, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1609:AIISAS>2.0.CO;2.
• Smith, T.M., R.W. Reynolds, Thomas C. Peterson, and Jay Lawrimore, 2008: Improvements to NOAA's historical merged land-ocean surface temperature analysis (1880-2006). J. Climate, 21, 2283-2296, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI2100.1.
• Huang, B., P.W. Thorne, V.F. Banzon, T. Boyer, G. Chepurin, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, T.M. Smith, R.S. Vose, and H. Zhang, 2017: Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature version 5 (ERSSTv5): Upgrades, validations, and intercomparisons. J. Climate, 30, 8179-8205,, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0836.1 .

Related Publications

• Jones, P.D., T.M.L. Wigley, and P.B. Wright 1986: Global temperature variations between 1861 and 1984. Nature, 322, 430-434, doi:10.1038/322430a0.
• Christy, J.R., R.W. Spencer, and W.D. Braswell, 2000: MSU tropospheric temperatures: Dataset construction and radiosonde comparisons, J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech. 17, 1153-1170, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<1153:MTTDCA>2.0.CO;2.
• National Research Council 2000. Reconciling Observations of Global Temperature Change. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 85 pp. Available at https://www.nap.edu/catalog/9755/reconciling-observations-of-global-temperature-change (last accessed 2016-12-15).
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2001. Climate Change 2001 (J.T. Houghton et al., Eds.), Cambridge University Press, New York. Available at http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/ (last accessed 2016-12-15).

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