GISS Surface Temperature Analysis
References
When referencing the GISTEMP v4 data, please cite both this website as well our most recent scholarly publication about the analysis. In citing the website, be sure to include the date of access.
- GISTEMP Team, 2024: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 20YY-MM-DD at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.
- Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.
GISS Analysis
The most recent journal paper describing the GISS surface temperature analysis is:
- Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.
Previous articles include:
- Hansen, J., D. Johnson, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, P. Lee, D. Rind, and G. Russell, 1981: Climate impact of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Science, 213, 957-966, doi:10.1126/science.213.4511.957.
- Hansen, J.E., and S. Lebedeff, 1987: Global trends of measured surface air temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 13345-13372, doi:10.1029/JD092iD11p13345.
- Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, M. Sato and R. Reynolds, 1996: Global surface air temperature in 1995: Return to pre-Pinatubo level, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1665-1668, doi:10.1029/96GL01040.
- Hansen, J., M. Sato, J. Glascoe, and R. Ruedy, 1998: A common-sense climate index: Is climate changing noticeably? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 95, 4113-4120, 10.1073/pnas.95.8.4113.
- Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, J. Glascoe, and M. Sato, 1999: GISS analysis of surface temperature change. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30997-31022, doi:10.1029/1999JD900835.
- Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, M. Sato, M. Imhoff, W. Lawrence, D. Easterling, T. Peterson, and T. Karl, 2001: A closer look at United States and global surface temperature change. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23947-23963, doi:10.1029/2001JD000354.
- Hansen, J., M. Sato, R. Ruedy, K. Lo, D.W. Lea, and M. Medina-Elizade, 2006: Global temperature change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 103, 14288-14293, doi:10.1073/pnas.0606291103.
- Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, M. Sato, and K. Lo, 2010: Global surface temperature change, Rev. Geophys., 48, RG4004, doi:10.1029/2010RG000345
Also pertaining to the GISS surface temperature analysis is:
- Susskind, J., G.A. Schmidt, J.N. Lee, and L. Iredell, 2019: Recent global warming as confirmed by AIRS. Environ. Res. Lett., 14, no. 4, 044030, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aafd4e.
Current (v4) Sources for Station Data
- Menne, M.J., C.N. Williams, B.E. Gleason, J.J. Rennie, and J.H. Lawrimore, 2018: The Global Historical Climatology Network Monthly Temperature Dataset, Version 4. J. Climate, 31, 9835–9854, doi:doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0094.1.
Current (v4) Sources for Ocean Data
- Huang, B., P.W. Thorne, V.F. Banzon, T. Boyer, G. Chepurin, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, T.M. Smith, R.S. Vose, and H. Zhang, 2017: Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature version 5 (ERSSTv5): Upgrades, validations, and intercomparisons. J. Climate, 30, 8179-8205, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0836.1 .
Past Sources for Station Data
- Karl, T.R., C.N. Williams, Jr., and F.T. Quinlan. 1990. United States Historical Climatology Network (HCN) Serial Temperature and Precipitation Data. ORNL/CDIAC-30, NDP-019/R1. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
- Peterson, T.C., and R.S. Vose 1997. An overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network temperature database. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2837-2849, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2837:AOOTGH>2.0.CO;2.
- Peterson, T.C., R.S. Vose, R. Schmoyer, and V. Razuvaev, 1998: Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) quality control of monthly temperature data. Int. J. Climatol., 18, 1169-1179, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199809)18:11<1169::AID-JOC309>3.0.CO;2-U.
- Menne, M.J., C.N. Williams, and R.S. Vose 2009. The U.S. Historical Climatology Network Monthly Temperature Data, Version 2. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 993-1007, doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2613.1.
- Lawrimore, J.H., M.J. Menne, B.E. Gleason, C.N. Williams, D.B. Wuertz, R.S. Vose, and J. Rennie, 2011: An overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network monthly mean temperature data set, version 3. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D19121, doi:10.1029/2011JD016187.
- Turner, J., S.R. Colwell, G.J. Marshall, T.A. Lachlan-Cope, A.M. Carleton, P.D. Jones, V. Lagun, P.A. Reid, and S. Iagovkina, 2004: The SCAR READER project: Toward a high-quality database of mean Antarctic meteorological observations. J. Climate, 17, 2890-2898, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2890:TSRPTA>3.0.CO;2.
Past Sources for Ocean Data
- Rayner, N. 2000. HadISST1 Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature Files. Hadley Center, Bracknell, U.K.
- Reynolds, R.W., and T.M. Smith 1994. Improved global sea surface temperature analyses. J. Climate, 7, 929-948, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<0929:IGSSTA>2.0.CO;2.
- Smith, T.M., R.W. Reynolds, R.E. Livesay, and D.C. Stokes 1996. Reconstruction of historical sea surface temperature using empirical orthogonal functions. J. Climate, 9, 1403-1420, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<1403:ROHSST>2.0.CO;2.
- Reynolds, R.W., N.A. Rayner, T.M. Smith, D.C. Stokes, and W. Wang 2002. An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. J. Climate, 15, 1609-1625, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1609:AIISAS>2.0.CO;2.
- Smith, T.M., R.W. Reynolds, Thomas C. Peterson, and Jay Lawrimore, 2008: Improvements to NOAA's historical merged land-ocean surface temperature analysis (1880-2006). J. Climate, 21, 2283-2296, doi:10.1175/2007JCLI2100.1.
Related Publications
- Jones, P.D., T.M.L. Wigley, and P.B. Wright 1986: Global temperature variations between 1861 and 1984. Nature, 322, 430-434, doi:10.1038/322430a0.
- Christy, J.R., R.W. Spencer, and W.D. Braswell, 2000: MSU tropospheric temperatures: Dataset construction and radiosonde comparisons, J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 17, 1153-1170, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<153:MTTDCA>.0.CO;2.
- National Research Council 2000. Reconciling Observations of Global Temperature Change. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 85 pp. Available at https://www.nap.edu/catalog/9755/reconciling-observations-of-global-temperature-change, last accessed 2023-01-08.
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis (J.T. Houghton et al., Eds.), Cambridge University Press, New York. Available at https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar3/wg1/, last accessed 2023-01-08.